INCLUSIVE LEADERSHIP: GAY STUDENT GOVERNANCE IN DMMMSU, PHILIPPINES

Authors

  • LJ YVONNE CHUCK Author
  • Aniza Gadaza Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University image/svg+xml Author
  • Ma. Cristina Aspiras Author
  • Jessie Babol Author
  • Antonio Miguel Boado Author
  • Jilliane Kae Leonen Author

Abstract

This study, Inclusive Leadership: Gay Student Governance in DMMMSU, is geared towards discovering the various experiences of Gay Student Leaders. Despite increasing inclusivity in many educational institutions, the role of gay individuals in student governance remains underexplored. Using a quantitative research design with total enumeration sampling, the researchers administered a validated survey questionnaire to 52 gay student leaders across the three DMMMSU campuses. The study aimed to assess their demographic profile, level of agreeability to various leadership styles, extent of involvement and influence, and the challenges and opportunities they face. Findings reveal that most GSLs favored democratic and transformational leadership styles, aligning with values of collaboration, inclusivity, and advocacy. The study also identified that while  GSLs demonstrated strong involvement and influence within their student organizations, they encountered barriers such as stereotypes and prejudices. Nevertheless, they exhibited resilience, innovation, and a deep commitment to inclusive leadership. As a result, the study proposed a policy recommendation to enhance leadership opportunities and institutional support for GSLs. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on gender, leadership, and representation in student governance and advocate for creating safer and more inclusive academic environments. 

References

References

Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation.

Asana Inc. (2020). The Anatomy of Work: Insights from 10,000+ Workers. Asana Inc.

Asia Society. (2024). 1st Transgender Politician in the Philippines Delivers Keynote at Asia Society's Diversity Leadership Forum. Retrieved from Asia Society Philippines: https://asiasociety.org/philippines/1st-transgender-politician-philippines-delivers-keynote-asia-societys-diversity-leaders

Astheimer, P., Lee, S., & Tai, D. (2016). Student Leadership Development: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Motivators. Journal of Leadership Education, 130-147.

Astin, A. W. (1999). Student Involvement: A Developmental Theory for Higher Education. Journal of College Student Development, 518-529.

Aviolo, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re‐examining the Components of Transformational And Transactional Leadership Using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.

Aviolo, B. M., & Bass, B. J. (1997). Transformational Leaders Inspire. Full Range Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. MindGarden., 203.

Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2018). The Cambridge Handbook of Organizational Leadership. Cambridge University Press.

Bennett, R., Hill, B., & Jone, A. (2015). In and Out of the Cross-Cultural Classroom Closet: Negotiating Queer Teacher Identity and Culturally Diverse Cohorts in an Australian University. Higher Education Research & Development, 709–721.

Bhandari, P. (2023, June 22). What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition, Uses & Methods. Retrieved from Scribbr: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/

Blackburn , M. V., & McCready, L. T. (2009). Voices of Queer Youth in Urban Schools: Possibilities and Limitations. Theory into Practice, 222-230.

Bosia, M., McEvoy, S., & Rahman, M. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press.

Bourke, J., & Titus, A. (2020, March 6). The Key to Inclusive Leadership. Harvard Business Review.

Britannica, T. (2024, May 9). Stonewall riots. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots

Campen, R. (2022). In Search of Safety: A Case Study of LGBT+ College Students’ Perception of Safe Spaces at a Rural University. Scholarly Articles (Research, Conceptual & Literature Reviews).

Chiang, L. S., & Symons, J. (2024). Out Run. Retrieved from Doc World: https://worldcompass.org/episode/out-run/

Cigaral, M. (2023, September 4). Representative Geraldine Roman Celebrates Women’s Equality Day. Retrieved from Bataan.Gov.Ph: https://www.bataan.gov.ph/news/representative-geraldine-roman-celebrates-womens-equality-day/

Cohen, G. L. (2010). Identity-Based Motivation: A New Direction in Self-Concept Theory and Research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 175-194.

Damon, W. (2004). What is Positive Youth Development. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 13-24.

Densley, J. A. (2016). Aggression Between Social Groups. Routledge, 285-299.

Dessel, A. (2017). LGBTQ+ Student Leadership Development: A Grounded Theory Study. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 259-272.

Dessel, A., & Robinson, B. (2018). Emerging Leaders: Gay Student Leadership Development. Journal of College Student Development, 419-433.

Diaz, T. I. (2022, June 1). 5 LGBTQIA+ Icons That Transformed Diversity in the Philippines. Retrieved from Globis Insights: https://globisinsights.com/purpose/dei/lgbtqia-philippines

Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 491-500.

Eliason, M. (2016). Challenges of Conducting Research in Lesbian Communities. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 136–156.

Evans, N. J., & Wal, V. A. (1991). Beyond Tolerance: Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals on Campus. American College Personnel Association.

Fabillar, C., & Fellizar, F. R. (2019). Social Acceptability of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,. City of San Fernando: Journal of Human Ecology.

Gamboa, L. L., Ilac, E. D., Carangan, A. M., & Agida, J. S. (2020). Leadership. Queering Public Leadership: The Case of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Leaders in the Philippines, 1-21.

Garvey, J. C., Taylor, J. L., & Rankin, S. (2014). An Examination of Campus Climate for LGBTQ Community College Students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 1-15.

Gates, G. J. (2017). LGBTQ+ Youth and Young Adults in Higher Education. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 129-142.

Gault, J., Reddington, J., & Schlager, M. (2016). Undergraduate Business Education and Leadership Development. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 141-153.

Gay, Lesbian, and Straight, Education Network. (2019). National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Questioning Youth in our Nation's Schools. New York: GLSEN.

Ghaziani, A. (2014). There Goes the Gayborhood? Princeton: Princeton University Press.

GMA News Online. (2012, March 2). UP elects nation's first transgender head of student government. Retrieved from GMA News: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/250106/up-elects-nation-s-first-transgender-head-of-student-government/story/

Goleman, D. (1998). What Makes a Leader. Harvard Business Review, 82-91.

Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & Mckee, A. (2013). Primal Leadership. Brighton, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press.

Gonzales, J. (2016). Microaggressions and Resilience in LGBTQ+ College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 541-554.

Goodman, K. M., & Wankel, A. L. (2015). Leadership Development Among LGBTQ+ College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 479-494.

Griffin, P. (2012). An Empirical Analysis of Sexual Orientation Discrimination. University of Chicago Law Review, 1–48.

Grzyb, T. A. (2017). Beliefs About Obedience Levels In Studies Conducted Within The Milgram Paradigm: Better Than Average Effect And Comparisons Of Typical Behaviors By Residents Of Various Nations. Frontiers in Psychology, 2818.

Guzman, C. D. (2023, June 30). Southeast Asia’s Most Gay-Friendly Country Still Has No Law Against LGBT Discrimination. Retrieved from Time: https://time.com/6290762/philippines-pride-lgbt-discrimination-sogie-equality-bill/

Harper, S. R., & Nichols, A. H. (2008). Are They Not All My Children?: Using A Framework of Family to Understand the Relationships Between Institutions and Same-Sex Students. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 151-172.

Harper, S. R., & Quaye, S. J. (2015). Student Engagement in Higher Education: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Approaches for Diverse Populations. Routledge.

Harris, K. R., & Harris, J. C. (2018). LGBTQ+ Student Leaders' Experiences: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 259-273.

Hassan, M. (2024, March 26). Descriptive Research Design – Types, Methods and Examples. Retrieved from ResearchMethod.Net: https://researchmethod.net/descriptive-research-design/

Hewstone, M., Tropp, L. R., & Al Ramiah, A. (2014). Intergroup Contact Theory. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver, Social Relationships, Cognition, and Affect, 110-140. New York: Psychology Press.

Higgins, M. C., Dobrow, S. R., & Chandler, D. E. (2012). Beyond the Individual: Social Relationships and the Development of Professional Identity. New York: NY: Oxford University Press.

Higgs, M. J., & Aitken, P. (2003). Leadership Style Flexibility: A Validity Study. Leadership Style Flexibility: A Validity Study, 18-32.

Hindman, M. D. (2019). Political Advocacy and Its Interested Citizens: Neoliberalism, Postpluralism, and LGBT Organizations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Hostetler, A. J. (1998). Culture, Sexual Lifeways, and Developmental Subjectivities: Rethinking Sexual Taxonomies. Social Research., 249-290.

Hurtado, S., & Sinha, A. (2008). Understanding The Impact Of Leadership on Diversity

and Equity. New Directions for Higher Education, 53-63.

Irehill, H., Lundmark, R., & Tafvelin, S. (2023). The Well-Being of Young Leaders: Demands and Resources from a Lifespan Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187936

Jensen, M. A. (2023). Queering Learning and Leadership in Higher Education. In R. E. Crossman, LGBTQ Leadership in Higher Education. Springer Nature B.V.

Johnson. (2016). Diversity in Higher Education. Authentic Leadership Inc., 123.

Joy, S., & Sibil, M. (2021). Exploring the Experiences of Gay Student Leaders in Higher Education. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 34-47.

Kelman, H. C. (1958). Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes of Attitude Change. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(1), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106

Kezar, A. J. (2014). How Colleges Can Influence Student Prosocial Behavior. Journal of College Student Development, 481-497.

Komaki, D., & Diesel, A. (2017). LGBTQ+ Student Leaders: Identity, Resilience, Leadership .

Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Palmer, N. A., & Boesen, M. J. (2013). The 2013 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer youth in our nation's schools. New York: Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN).

Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at Work: Developmental Relationships in Organizational Life. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Kurt Lewin, R. L. (1939). Patterns Of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created Social Climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 269-299.

Lipchik, S. (2021, January 22). 5 of the Most Powerful LGBT Politicians in the World. Retrieved from Style: https://amp.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3118728/5-most-powerful-lgbt-politicians-world-joe-bidens-cabinet

Logie, C. H. (2016). Transgender Youth's Experiences of Marginalization and Resilience. Journal of Adolescent Research, 441-466.

Madden, L. A. (2021). Cultivating Resillience in LGBTQ+ College Students thhrough Mindfulness-Based Practices. Culminating Experience Projects, 32.

Maloy, R. W., & Trust, T. (2020). Building Democracy for All: Interactive Explorations of Government and Civic Life (Maloy and Trust). EdTech Books.

Manalastas, E. J. (2018, February 12). Anti-discrimination Ordinances. Retrieved from https://pages.upd.edu.ph/ejmanalastas/policies-ordinances

Martinez, L. E. (2022). Effective Task Delegation: A Study on Student Leadership Preferences. Journal of Leadership Education, 34-51.

Monash University. (2018). Effective Practice in Student Leadership.

Mucciaroni, G. (2011). The Study of LGBT Politics and Its Contributions to Political Science. PS: Political Science and Politics, 17-21.

National Democratic Institute. (2021, June 21). Pride Partner Profile: Philippine Anti-Discrimination Alliance Of Youth Leaders (Pantay). Retrieved from NDI: https://www.ndi.org/our-stories/pride-partner-profile-philippine-anti-discrimination-alliance-youth-leaders-pantay

Northouse, P. G. (2019). Leadership: Theory and Practice (8th ed.). Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage Publications.

Paolucci, N. E. (2018). Transformational Leadership And Team Effectiveness: The Mediating Role of Affective Team Commitment. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 135-144.

Patton, L. D., Renn, K. A., Guido, F. M., & Quaye, S. J. (2016). Student Development In

College: Theory, Research, And Practice. John Wiley & Sons.

Penguin Random House SEA. (2024). Danton Remoto. Retrieved from Penguin: https://www.penguin.sg/book_author/danton-remoto/

Peterson, A., Wahlström, M., & Wennerhag, M. (2018). Pride Parades and LGBT Movements: Political Participation in an International Comparative Perspective. New York: Routledge.

Poushter, J., & Kent, N. (2020, June 25). The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists But Increasing Acceptance In Many Countries Over Past Two Decades. Retrieved from Pew Research Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/

Rankin, R. (2010). Transformational Leadership: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Leadership Studies, 29-45.

Rankin, S., Blumenfeld, W. J., Weber, G. N., & Frazer, S. (2010). State of Higher Education for LGBTQ People. Campus Pride.

Renn, K. A. (2017). LGBTQ+ Students in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature. Journal of College Student Development, 431-453.

Renn, K. A., & Bilodeau, B. (2005). Queer Student Leaders: An Exploratory Study of

Identity, Leadership, and Campus Climate. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 49-71.

Republic of the Philippines. (2023). House Members. Retrieved from Republic of the Philippines: House of Representatives 19th Congress: https://www.congress.gov.ph/members/search.php?id=roman-g

Republic of the Philippines: City of San Fernando, La Union. (2022). Hon. Mark Anthony A. Ducusin. Retrieved from GOVPH: https://www.sanfernandocity.gov.ph/csflu_website/hon-mark-anthony-a-ducusin/

Sampson, E. E. (2015). Dialogic Partners and the Shaping of Social Reality: Implications for Good and Evil in Milgram’s Studies of Obedience. Pastoral psychology, 51-61.

Scott, P. E., & Williams, M. M. (2016). Age, Academic Pressures, and Student Leadership Participation. Journal of College Student Development, 259-273.

Smith, J., Johnson, K., & Chen, E. (2020). Gay Student Leaders' Preferences for Meeting and Discussion Formats. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 150-162.

Snyder, J. A., & Watson, L. B. (2019). Navigating Identity, Leadership, and Campus Climate: LGBTQ+ Student Leaders' Experiences. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 34-47.

Spencer, K. R., Coston, B. M., & Macapagal, K. M. (2019). The Relationship Between LGBTQ+ Inclusive School Policies and Student Outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 541-553.

Tajfel H., & Turner J. (1979). Social Identity Theory in Psychology. Simply Psychology.

Taub, D. J. (2015). The Role of Student Governance in Student Development. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 129-142.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2024, May 18). Harvey Milk. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harvey-Milk

Thiel, M. (2014, October 31). LGBT Politics, Queer Theory, and International Relations. Retrieved from E-International Relations: https://www.e-ir.info/2014/10/31/lgbt-politics-queer-theory-and-international-relations/

United Nations Development Programme and Asia-Pacific Regional Centre. (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines Country Report. Bangkok.

Voleti, K. (2020, June 16). Political Leadership: What Defines Good Political Leadership? Retrieved from Political Marketer: https://politicalmarketer.com/political-leadership/

Waldo, C. R. (1999). Working in a Majority Context: A Structural Model of the Antecedents and Outcomes of Heterosexism in the Workplace. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 218–232.

Watson, K. (2005). Queer Theory. Group Analysis, 67-81.

Whitney, K. (2023, February 8). How LGBTQ leaders navigate a predominantly non-LGBTQ world. Retrieved from THE: Times Higher Education: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/how-lgbtq-leaders-navigate-predominantly-nonlgbtq-world

Winston, R. B., & Creamer, D. G. (2015). Student Leadership Development: The Role of Feedback and Evaluation. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 34-47.

Yulk, G. (2010). Leadership in Organizations. Prentice Hall, 245.

Downloads

Published

2025-10-30