Journal of Social Transformation, Governance and Public Administration
Journal of Social Transformation, Governance and Public Administration (JSTGPA) is an international, interdisciplinary, and peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing critical scholarship and public discourse on social transformation, governance, and cultural dynamics. It serves as a platform for scholars, practitioners, educators, policy-makers, and cultural advocates to explore the interwoven realities of structural change, political institutions, cultural resilience, and societal equity. The journal is grounded in a commitment to intellectual endurance and inclusive knowledge production, core principles of Mindura Research. Publication Frequency: Quarterly (Four Issues per year) Published By: Mindura Research Dr. Alma Bangayan-Manera 21 A Bangayan Street Libag Norte Tuguegarao City Cagayan Philippines 3500
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Legal and Institutional Challenges of Evaluating Personal Data Governance in the Era of Algorithmic Governance by the Indonesian Government
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesia has seen significant growth in recent years, particularly in the government and public service sectors. The use of AI- based technology It has begun to be applied in digital administration systems, population data analysis, health services, education, and public policy oversight to improve bureaucratic effectiveness and the quality of public services. However, the implementation of algorithmic governance also raises various legal and institutional issues, particularly related to personal data protection, algorithm transparency, accountability for automated decision-making, and weak digital oversight mechanisms. This study uses a literature review method by examining various recent national and international journals from 2022–2026 that discuss Artificial Intelligence governance , personal data protection, Artificial Intelligence ethics , and digital governance in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of Artificial Intelligence While digital governance has significant potential to support public administration efficiency, it still faces challenges such as unprepared technical regulations, low institutional capacity, the risk of personal data leaks, and the suboptimal implementation of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. Furthermore, digital leadership is a crucial factor in building transparent, adaptive, and rights-oriented digital governance in the era of digital government transformation.
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Performance Management Strategy for Rectorate Administrative Employees in Improving the Quality of Administrative Services in the Digital Era at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
This study aims to analyze the performance management strategy of rectorate administrative employees in improving the quality of administrative services in the digital era at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data was obtained through interviews and literature studies, then analyzed descriptively to identify the performance management strategies applied. The results of the study show that performance management strategies are implemented through performance planning, monitoring and evaluation, digital competency development, providing feedback by leaders, and the use of information technology in administrative services. The implementation of this strategy is able to increase the effectiveness of employee work so that services become faster, more accurate, transparent, and responsive to the needs of service users. The success of improving service quality is also supported by employee digital competence, effective leadership, cooperation between employees, and the consistent application of standard operating procedures. The obstacles that are still faced include internet network disruptions, the process of adaptation of some employees to new technologies, and the high workload in certain periods. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen digital infrastructure, continuously improve the competence of human resources, and evaluate the system so that the quality of administrative services continues to improve according to the demands of digital transformation.
performance management, administrative employees, administrative services, digital transformation, higher education
MITIGATING THE RISK OF DATA LEAKAGE IN PUBLIC SERVICE INNOVATION BASED ON BIG DATA, ANALYTICS AND MACHINE LEARNING
The development of digital technology encourages the transformation of public services towards a more effective, efficient, and transparent government system through the use of Artificial Intelligence, big data analytics, and machine learning. Although it is able to improve service quality, accelerate administrative processes, and support data-driven decision-making, the application of this technology also poses a risk of personal data leakage and cybersecurity threats. This study aims to analyze the risk of data leakage in public service innovation based on big data analytics and machine learning, as well as identify mitigation strategies that can be applied. The research method used is literature review by analyzing 30 national and international articles published in 2019–2025. The results of the study show that data leak risk mitigation can be carried out through strengthening Artificial Intelligence governance, improving cybersecurity, implementing Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, implementing Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), and strengthening good digital governance. Thus, the synergy between technology, regulation, and digital governance is an important factor in realizing safe, transparent, and accountable public services.
Artificial Intelligence, big data analytics, data leakage, public services, personal data protection
DIGITAL PUBLIC COMMUNICATION AND VOTER PARTICIPATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE INDONESIAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT GENERAL ELECTION COMMISSION
The advancement of digital technology has altered modes of public communication, including electoral engagement. The Bekasi City General Election Commission has employed social media platforms, including Instagram, WhatsApp, and Facebook, to convey information regarding the 2024 Election. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of social media as a public communication platform in enhancing voter engagement. The study utilizes a descriptive qualitative approach within a constructivist framework and employs a case study design. Data were gathered via in-depth interviews, observation, and literature analysis, with informants intentionally selected, including the Chairperson of the Election Commission, voters, and pertinent stakeholders. The data analysis was performed through the phases of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results demonstrate that social media has augmented political awareness, especially via visual content like infographics and brief videos. Nonetheless, its efficacy has not been completely maximized owing to restricted accessibility among demographics less acquainted with digital technologies and comparatively low user participation. Despite the rise in voter participation, rigid communication patterns that inadequately respond to digital advances continue to pose substantial issues. Consequently, a more inventive, inclusive, and needs-oriented multichannel communication approach is essential.
Effectiveness Implementation of E-Government in Increase Quality Service Public : Literature Review
Development technology information and communication has push digital transformation in sector public , one of them through implementation of e-government as effort increase quality service public . Research This aim For analyze effectiveness implementation of e-government in increase quality service public based on study relevant literature . The method used​ is a literature review with approach qualitative descriptive , which examines various source scientific like journal national and international , books , and publication academic other related matters with topic research . Study results show that implementation of e-government in general capable increase efficiency , transparency , accountability , and accessibility service public . Besides that , e-government also contributes in speed up the service process and minimize practice convoluted bureaucracy . However​ Thus , the effectiveness its implementation Still face various challenges , such as limitations infrastructure technology , low digital literacy of society , as well as lack of readiness source Power man apparatus government . Therefore that , is necessary comprehensive strategy , including​ improvement human resource capacity , strengthening digital infrastructure , as well as supportive policies​ integration system service based electronics . With Thus , e-government can optimized as instrument main in realize service quality , responsive , and needs - oriented public public .
e -government, service public , quality services , digital transformation , literature review
FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES OF 4PS BENEFICIARIES TOWARDS PROPOSED INTERVENTION
This study assessed the level of financial literacy and examined the financial management challenges experienced by Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) beneficiaries in Flora as basis for proposed interventions. Using a mixed-method research design, data were collected from 258 beneficiaries through survey questionnaires and interviews. Financial literacy was evaluated across four dimensions: knowledge, attitudes, skills, and values, while challenges in financial management were also identified. Results showed that respondents had a high level of financial literacy especially in financial values and skills which imply favorable practices in budgeting, saving and responsible spending. However, beneficiaries still faced moderate financial management issues. Unexpected medical expenses and irregular — or limited sources of income were significant issues. Other concerns involved maintaining consistent budgeting practices, accessing financial advice, and coping with increasing household expenses. The study concludes that financial literacy alone does not guarantee financial stability among low-income households due to existing economic and structural constraints. Based on the findings, interventions such as financial literacy training, emergency preparedness sessions, livelihood support programs, budgeting workshops, and community savings initiatives were proposed to strengthen financial capability and improve the economic well-being of 4Ps beneficiaries.
Keywords: financial literacy; financial management challenges financial capability; 4Ps (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program); Flora, Apayao
Exploring Civil-Military Operations and Financial Management Practices: Insights into Organizational Efficiency and Operational Effectiveness
Civil-Military Operations (CMO) and financial management serve as critical pillars in ensuring the successful implementation of military programs, community engagement initiatives, and organizational sustainability. This qualitative study explored the experiences, practices, challenges, and strategies of military personnel involved in civil-military operations and financial management. Using a phenomenological research design, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with fifteen key informants composed of military officers, finance personnel, and civil-military operations practitioners. Thematic analysis revealed five major themes: (1) Community-Centered Civil-Military Engagement, (2) Accountability and Transparency in Financial Management, (3) Interagency Collaboration and Partnership Building, (4) Operational Challenges and Resource Constraints, and (5) Adaptive Strategies for Organizational Efficiency. Findings indicate that effective civil-military operations depend largely on strong community relationships, while sound financial management enhances accountability, resource utilization, and mission accomplishment. The study highlights the importance of integrating participatory governance, financial transparency, and strategic leadership to strengthen organizational efficiency and operational effectiveness. The findings contribute to the growing literature on public sector management, military administration, and organizational governance by providing context-specific insights into the interconnected roles of civil-military operations and financial management.
Civil-Military Operations, Financial Management, Organizational Efficiency, Operational Effectiveness, Military Administration, Qualitative Research
ANALYZING CYBER ATTACKS AS A BASIS FOR PROACTIVE CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS PROGRAM
This study analyzed cyber-attacks in the Province of Apayao to develop a proactive, localized cybersecurity awareness program. Using a descriptive-developmental research design, data was gathered through structured surveys and qualitative interviews from college students, employees, business owners, and individual internet users. Findings revealed that phishing, account hacking, and online scams were the most prevalent threats, driven by vulnerabilities like weak passwords and clicking suspicious links. Crucially, while respondents demonstrated high awareness of basic practices like password management and two-factor authentication, actual preventive behavior was only moderate, and participation in formal training was low. This discrepancy highlights a critical knowledge-practice gap, with cyber-attacks resulting in data loss, reduced digital trust, and emotional stress. The study concludes that theoretical awareness is insufficient to mitigate risks without structured behavioral reinforcement. Consequently, it recommends implementing a localized cybersecurity awareness program focused on continuous training, policy enforcement, and behavior-based interventions to enhance regional cyber resilience.
Transformational Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness of the PNP Maneuver Forces
This study determined the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness of the Philippine National Police (PNP) First Provincial Mobile Force Company in Apayao using descriptive-correlational research design involving 172 operatives and officers. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, weighted mean, standard deviation, Peardon r, and t-test. The findings revealed that profile variables had very weak and insignificant relationship with transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness. However, transformational leadership showed a strong positive relationship with organizational effectiveness, indicating that effective leadership significantly contributes to organizational performance. The study further found no significant differences in the perception of transformational leadership when respondents were grouped according to their profile variables. The study concludes that transformational leadership is a key factor in achieving high organizational effectiveness and recommends strengthening leadership practices, continuing training, mentorship, and operational capability enhancement within the PNP maneuver Forces in Apayao
Transformational Leadership, Organizational Effectiveness, PNP Maneuver Forces, Law Enforcement Leadership
Alignment of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management (BSHM) Educational Resources with CMO 62, series of 2017: A Framework for Curriculum Enhancement and Compliance
This study evaluates the compliance of the Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management (BSHM program of Apayao State College with the standards set by CHED CMO No. 62, s. 2017. findings reveal that the program demonstrate strong alignment in terms of leadership, faculty qualifications, curriculum structure, internship implementation, and student welfare. The presence of qualified Program Chairperson, competent faculty, structured curriculum , and well-managed internship program contributes to effective delivery of hospitality education, additionally, the institution provides adequate resources and functional laboratory facilities that support experiential learning. However, key areas for improvement were identified, particularly in laboratory modernization and enhancement of library resources, including access to updates journals and electronic database. Furthermore, there is a need to expand industry linkages to ensure co apprehensive students exposure to all functional areas required by the CMO. To address these gaps, a framework for curriculum enhancement is proposed, focusing on human capital development, resource augmentation, industry linkages diversification, and infrastructure modernization. The study concludes that while the program meets most compliance standard, strategic improvements are necessary to strengthen its responsiveness to industry demands and to support the development of globally competitive graduates.
Hospitality Management, CHED CMO 62, s. 2017, Program Compliance Curriculum Evaluation, Experiential Learning, Laboratory Facilities, Library Resources, Industry Linkages, Internship Program, Apayao State College.
Legal and Logistical Challenges in the Titling of Public-School Sites
Land tenure security is essential for ensuring institutional stability, infrastructure development, and the continuity of educational services. In the Philippines, public-school land titling is governed by the Regalian Doctrine and Republic Act No. 10023 (New Free Patent Act). However, despite these legal mechanisms, many public-school sites remain untitled. Unlike other areas in the Cordillera Administrative Region where ancestral domain claims are the primary challenge, Sta. Marcela District, Apayao faces issues mainly related to documentary deficiencies and administrative delays. This study examined the legal and logistical challenges in the titling of public-school sites in Sta. Marcela District, Division of Apayao. Specifically, it profiled participating schools, assessed the status of land titling applications, identified legal and logistical barriers, evaluated stakeholder perceptions of program effectiveness, and proposed process improvements. A descriptive-evaluative mixed-methods design was employed using complete enumeration of 42 respondents, including school heads, teachers, land donors/heirs, and representatives from DepEd, DENR, LGUs, LUSA, and the Registry of Deeds. Data were collected through a structured 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and documentary analysis, with quantitative data analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and weighted means, while qualitative responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Results revealed that most schools (83.33%) are elementary institutions, 75.00% occupy 1,000–15,000 square meters of land, and 75.00% acquired their sites through private donations. Two-thirds (66.67%) of school sites still have pending titling applications, with half stalled during document preparation. Stakeholders identified legal challenges as a Very High barrier (Overall Mean = 4.36), particularly unresolved ownership issues and complex regulatory requirements. Logistical challenges were rated High (Overall Mean = 3.41), primarily due to slow administrative processes and geographic constraints. Despite these challenges, respondents strongly agreed (Overall Mean = 4.58) that the land titling program is effective and essential for preventing future property disputes. The study concludes that delays in school land titling are driven more by documentary deficiencies and bureaucratic processes than by technical capacity or ancestral domain conflicts. It recommends simplifying documentary requirements, standardizing inter-agency procedures, adopting digital tracking and centralized databases, integrating GIS for boundary verification, and designating dedicated Land Titling Coordinators to expedite the titling process.
Public-School Site Titling, Legal Challenges, Logistical Bottlenecks, Land Tenure Security, New Public Management, Sta. Marcela District, Apayao
THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM IN UPLIFTING PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4Ps) HOUSEHOLD AND SHAPING INCLUSIVE POLICY
This study examined the perceived contributions and implementation experiences of Sustainable Livelihood Program Association (SLPA)-facilitated Micro-Enterprise Development initiatives among Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) beneficiaries in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas (GIDA) in Conner, Apayao. Using a descriptive mixed-methods design, data were gathered from forty (40) purposively selected beneficiaries participating in Sustainable Livelihood Program Associations under the Micro-Enterprise Development track. Results revealed generally positive perceptions regarding livelihood participation, financial management practices, organizational engagement, and access to institutional support mechanisms. Respondents associated SLPA participation with increased income-generating opportunities, improved coping capacity during financial difficulties, and support for household and educational needs. However, livelihood gains were commonly experienced as gradual and supplemental rather than immediately stable household income. Qualitative findings further identified market limitations, transportation difficulties, procedural delays, logistical constraints, and coordination concerns affecting livelihood operations within geographically isolated communities. Viewed through the Sustainable Livelihood Framework, the study findings suggest that livelihood implementation within GIDA settings is shaped by institutional processes, vulnerability conditions, and access to livelihood resources.
Sustainable Livelihood Program, Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, Micro-enterprise Development, Sustainable Livelihood Framework, Geographically Isolated Communities, Livelihood Resilience
STRENGTHS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF WEST APAYAO ABULUG IRIGATION SYSTEM-IRRIGATORS ASSOCIATIONS
This study assessed the strengths, opportunities, and challenges of the West Apayao-Abulug Irrigation System–Irrigators Association in relation to irrigation management, organizational performance, and agricultural sustainability. The study employed a descriptive qualitative research design utilizing interviews and documentary analysis among selected association members and key stakeholders. The findings revealed that the association possesses several institutional strengths, including active member participation, strong collaboration among stakeholders, and effective irrigation management practices that contribute to organizational stability and agricultural productivity. The study likewise identified significant opportunities for development, particularly through access to government assistance programs and technical support from the National Irrigation Administration and the Department of Agriculture, the adoption of modern irrigation technologies, and the implementation of capacity-building and training initiatives. Despite these positive attributes, the association continues to encounter several operational and institutional challenges, including limited financial resources, climate-related disruptions affecting water availability, inadequate technical support and equipment, and recurring conflicts in water allocation and distribution among beneficiaries. These issues significantly affect the efficiency, sustainability, and long-term resilience of the irrigation system. The study concludes that sustained government assistance, strengthened institutional partnerships, and the adoption of improved irrigation management strategies are essential to enhance the operational effectiveness, organizational capacity, and long-term sustainability of the Irrigators Association. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of collaborative governance, continuous capacity development, and adaptive management approaches in addressing the emerging challenges confronting irrigation systems and agricultural communities.
Irrigation Management, Irrigators Association, Agricultural Sustainability, Organizational Performance, Water Resource Management, Capacity Building, Government Assistance, Climate-Related Challenges, Stakeholder Collaboration, Adaptive Management.
ISSUES IN PROCESSING TIME AND ERROR RATES IN DATA ENTRY: BASIS FOR ENHANCED RECORDS MANAGEMENT AT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES – COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES OFFICE (DENR-CENRO) CALANASAN
Efficient records management is essential in ensuring transparency, accountability, and effective public service delivery in government institutions. However, many public offices continue to experience delays and inaccuracies in data entry, affecting the reliability and efficiency of records management systems. This study assessed the issues in processing time and error rates in data entry as a basis for enhanced records management in the Community Environment and Natural Resources Office. Specifically, it determined the respondents’ level of agreement regarding processing time and error rates, identified the factors affecting data entry efficiency, examined the issues encountered in records management, and proposed strategies for improvement. The study employed a quantitative research approach using a descriptive research design. The respondents consisted of twenty-five (25) participants composed of fifteen (15) clients and ten (10) co-employees of DENR-CENRO Calanasan. Data were gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, and ranking. Findings revealed that respondents generally perceived the current data entry system as efficient and capable of supporting records processing and office transactions. However, occasional errors and processing delays were still observed. The study identified user-friendly systems, complexity of procedures, insufficient training, lack of clear guidelines, and handling large volumes of data as the primary factors affecting processing time and error rates.
GRADUATE TRACER STUDY OF THE APAYAO STUDENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (ASAP) GRANTEES
This correspondence article examines the outcomes of the Apayao Student Assistance Program (ASAP) through a graduate tracer study of beneficiaries from 2019 to 2024. Anchored in human capital and career development perspectives, the study evaluates the program’s contribution to academic success and early career trajectories while reflecting on findings from prior tracer studies. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining survey data from 45 graduates and semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were utilized to interpret quantitative and qualitative data. Findings indicate that ASAP has a very high impact on academic success, particularly in reducing financial burden, improving academic focus, and increasing motivation to complete studies. Its impact on career development is moderate, contributing to workplace readiness, confidence, and career motivation. Despite high employment rates, graduates reported challenges such as limited job opportunities, lack of professional experience, and job mismatch. The study highlights the need to strengthen employment linkage mechanisms and career support services. Overall, ASAP demonstrates strong potential as a human capital investment strategy, though its long-term effectiveness depends on integrating career development interventions alongside financial assistance.
Graduate tracer study; student financial assistance; human capital development; career development; mixed-methods; Apayao Province, Philippines
EXTENT AND CHALLENGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC MODIFIED DISBURSEMENT SYSTEM (eMDS ) AND WeACCESS IN APAYAO
This study assessed the implementation of the Electronic-Modified Disbursement System (eMDS) and WeAccess among selected national line agencies in Apayao Province. The study employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design involving 18 financial management personnel. Most respondents were female (94%) and occupied administrative and financial positions such as Cash Section staff and Clerks (56%). The majority had 1–3 years of experience in using eMDS and WeAccess, indicating moderate familiarity with the systems. Findings revealed a “Very High” level of implementation, indicating that both systems were fully operational and integrated into daily financial processes. Respondents also reported a “Very High” level of user satisfaction, particularly in terms of transparency, timely transactions, and audit trail efficiency. However, training received a comparatively lower rating, suggesting that technical implementation progressed more rapidly than personnel capacity development. The study further identified key challenges, including inadequate specialized training, system downtime, and unstable internet connectivity, which were aggravated by the geographical conditions of Apayao Province. In response, the study proposed strategies such as strengthening capability-building programs, improving internet infrastructure, and enhancing technical support from the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) and Land Bank of the Philippines. The findings suggest that while digital payment systems have improved local financial governance, continuous investment in human resource development and technological infrastructure remains essential for the sustainable and effective implementation of eMDS and WeAccess.
Electronic-Modified Disbursement System (eMDS), WeAccess, digital financial management, system implementation, public financial management, user satisfaction, technical support, Apayao Province.
Implementation of Capability Building and Perceived Sustainability Level of the Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP): Basis for Sustainability Enhancement Plan
ABSTRACT This study examined the implementation of capability-building interventions and the perceived sustainability level of the Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) in Apayao, Philippines, as basis for a Sustainability Enhancement Plan. Specifically, the study assessed the implementation of capability-building interventions in terms of relevance, competency, and delivery, and determined their relationship with the economic, institutional, and operational sustainability of livelihood enterprises. An evaluative-descriptive research design was employed involving 40 SLP beneficiaries from selected municipalities in Apayao. Data were gathered using a researcher-constructed questionnaire adapted from the evaluation instrument of the Extension Office of Apayao State College. Statistical tools such as frequency counts, percentages, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient were utilized in analyzing the data. Findings revealed that respondents assessed the implementation of capability-building interventions as highly effective, particularly in terms of trainer competency and delivery of training sessions. Likewise, livelihood projects were perceived to have a high level of sustainability across economic, institutional, and operational dimensions. Results further showed a significant positive relationship between the implementation of capability-building interventions and the perceived sustainability level of SLP projects, indicating that effective and responsive interventions contribute to improved enterprise continuity and organizational resilience. However, challenges such as inactive membership participation, market limitations, and operational constraints continue to affect project sustainability. Based on the findings, the study proposes a Sustainability Enhancement Plan aimed at strengthening continuous mentoring, localized support systems, and culturally responsive interventions to enhance the long-term sustainability of livelihood enterprises in Apayao.
capability-building interventions, livelihood sustainability, microenterprise development, Sustainable Livelihood Program, evaluative-descriptive research, Apayao Philippines
Evaluation of the Annual Implementation Plan of Public Schools
This study evaluates the implementation of the Annual Implementation Plan (AIP) in selected public schools in the Luna District, Province of Apayao. It examines the AIP in terms of alignment with the School Improvement Plan, planning and preparation, resource allocation and budgeting, implementation of activities, monitoring and evaluation, stakeholder participation, and overall effectiveness. A descriptive-survey research design is employed involving school heads, teachers, administrative personnel, and PTA or community representatives as respondents. Findings reveal that the AIP is implemented at a Very High level across all indicators, indicating strong alignment with school goals, effective planning, efficient resource utilization, and active stakeholder participation. However, challenges such as financial limitations, limited resources, schedule disruptions, and weather-related factors are identified. The study concludes that the AIP is an effective tool for school improvement and governance. It recommends strengthening financial management, enhancing stakeholder collaboration, and improving monitoring systems to sustain effective implementation.
Annual Implementation Plan, School Improvement Plan, School-Based Management, stakeholder participation, monitoring and evaluation, educational planning.
FOREST COVER CHANGE AND DEFORESTATION RATES OF ZUMIGUI-ZIWANAN RIVER WATERSHED: BASIS FOR STRENGTHENING MANAGEMENT
The Zumigui–Ziwanan River Watershed is a vital ecological system supporting water resources, soil stability, biodiversity, and climate resilience in the provinces of Apayao and Cagayan, particularly within the municipalities of Luna and Calanasan. A mixed-methods approach was employed using ArcGIS-based analysis of land cover maps and satellite imagery for 2015, 2020, and 2025, complemented by interviews with 48 beneficiaries of the National Greening Program and 10 key stakeholders from DENR, local government units, barangays, and people’s organizations.Furthermore, Analysis of land cover maps from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority revealed a 19.28% increase in closed forest areas and a 7.39% decrease in open forest areas from 2015 to 2025, indicating gradual forest recovery. Annual deforestation rates from 2020 to 2025 were relatively low at 0.210% for closed forests and 0.195% for open forests. Despite the availability of spatial datasets, limited watershed-level studies have integrated forest cover dynamics, drivers of deforestation, stakeholder perceptions, and the effectiveness of reforestation interventions. Hence, results revealed that forest recovery was evident; however, deforestation pressures driven by poverty, agricultural expansion, and natural disasters such as typhoons continue to threaten sustainability. Reforestation initiatives were perceived as moderately effective but constrained by insufficient funding, weak maintenance, and limited community participation. Strengthened law enforcement, sustainable livelihood programs, climate-resilient strategies, and continuous watershed monitoring are recommended to ensure long-term forest conservation and sustainable watershed management.
Forest Cover Change, Deforestation Rates, Watershed
Perceived Effectiveness of Provincial Agrarian Reform Coordinating Committee (PARCCOM) in the Implementation of Agrarian Reform
This study examined the perceived effectiveness of the Provincial Agrarian Reform Coordinating Committee (PARCCOM) in implementing agrarian reform programs in Apayao. Using a descriptive-survey design, data were gathered through questionnaires and interviews among ARBs, DAR employees, PARCCOM members, and PCIT members. Findings showed that PARCCOM was generally perceived as “Very Effective” in coordination and planning, resource allocation and support, monitoring and evaluation, and stakeholder participation. The study also identified challenges such as financial constraints, limited authority, communication gaps, and low stakeholder participation. Respondents recommended increased funding, stronger coordination, continuous capacity-building, and improved monitoring systems. Overall, the study concluded that PARCCOM plays an important role in effective agrarian reform implementation, although operational improvements are still needed to enhance its long-term impact.
Agrarian Reform, PARCCOM, ARBs, Stakeholder Participation, Coordination and Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, Apayao
Technology Acceptance and User Experience of a Quick Response (QR) Code Feedback System in the Provincial Department of Health Office Apayao Setting
The purpose of this study is to analyze the technological adoption and user experience of the Quick Response (QR) code feedback system at the Provincial Department of Health Office Apayao. In the current study, we will use a mixed-methods survey research approach, focusing primarily on the quantitative dimension. Study population: The study population will consist of health staff and agency clients who have used the QR code feedback system during a three-month period. The researcher will administer a standardized survey questionnaire to investigate perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, accessibility, convenience, data privacy and security, and overall user experience. Open-ended questions will also reveal the common challenges, worries and suggestions of the responders. The study is based on the input-process-output paradigm, together with the technological acceptance model and user experience principles. The study aims to determine the level of acceptance and usability of the QR code feedback system, compare the views of health staff and agency clients, and identify factors that hinder its adoption. The findings can give useful ideas to improve digital feedback systems in public health offices.
QR code feedback system, technology acceptance, user experience, public health office, data privacy, digital feedback
Identifying Computer Literacy Gaps among Local Government Employees in Pudtol for Targeted Training Interventions
This study assessed the computer literacy levels of employees in the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Pudtol, Apayao as basis for targeted ICT training programs. A quantitative descriptive survey design was used involving 79 LGU employees from different municipal offices. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, and weighted mean. Findings revealed that respondents demonstrated advanced proficiency in Microsoft Office applications (M = 3.70) and internet and email use (M = 3.80). However, multimedia applications obtained the lowest proficiency level (M = 2.48), indicating that respondents possess only basic knowledge and still require guidance. Online services and digital operations (M = 3.41), online government platforms (M = 2.81), and AI applications (M = 2.84) were interpreted as intermediate. The overall computer literacy level of respondents was intermediate (M = 3.17), which indicates that employees can perform digital tasks with minimal supervision but still require enhancement in advanced ICT competencies. The study identified several computer literacy gaps, including limited multimedia editing skills, insufficient familiarity with online government systems, lack of structured ICT training, limited AI utilization, and inadequate cloud collaboration skills. Based on the findings, targeted ICT training interventions were proposed to improve employee digital competencies and support the digital transformation initiatives of the LGU.
computer literacy, ICT training, digital competence, local government unit, Pudtol Apayao
EMPOWERMENT AND CHALLENGES OF WOMEN AS RECIPIENTS OF THE LAND REDISTRIBUTION PROGRAM
This study examined the empowerment and challenges of women Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) under the land redistribution program in Pudtol, Apayao. Using a mixed-methods research design, data were gathered from 54 women ARBs through survey questionnaires and interviews. Findings revealed that women ARBs demonstrated high levels of empowerment in decision-making, access to resources, economic participation, and community involvement. Respondents actively participated in farm operations, household financial decisions, and leadership activities within their communities. However, several challenges continued to affect their empowerment, including limited access to agricultural loans, inadequate farm tools and inputs, insufficient training and institutional support, weak market access, and climate-related problems. Despite these constraints, land redistribution contributed positively to the socio-economic condition of women beneficiaries. The study recommends strengthening financial assistance, agricultural support services, gender-responsive programs, and climate-resilient interventions to further enhance the empowerment and productivity of women ARBs.
women empowerment, agrarian reform, land redistribution, rural development, gender equality
WORK ENGAGEMENT AND JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES IN THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF APAYAO
This study assessed the level of work engagement and job satisfaction of employees in the Provincial Government of Apayao, specifically those assigned to the Accounting, Treasury, Budget and Management, and Assessor’s Offices. It also identified issues affecting work engagement and job satisfaction and explored strategies to address these concerns. A descriptive research design was employed using a structured survey questionnaire and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and weighted mean, while qualitative responses were examined through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that respondents were mostly older, female, married, permanent employees, and bachelor’s degree holders with 1–7 years of service and moderate income levels. Overall, employees demonstrated very high levels of work engagement and job satisfaction. However, issues such as workload pressure, deadline-related stress, limited career advancement, and concerns on leadership and promotion fairness were identified. Recommended strategies include fair workload distribution, strengthened supervisory support, professional development programs, clear promotion guidelines, improved communication, and employee recognition systems. The study concludes that while employees exhibit high engagement and satisfaction, addressing workload and career development concerns is essential to sustain organizational effectiveness.
WORK ENGAGEMENT, JOB SATISFACTION, PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF APAYAO
Documentation of Heritage Sites and Cultural Landscapes of Calanasan, Apayao
This study documents the heritage sites and cultural landscapes of Calanasan, Apayao, highlighting their vital role in the cultural identity, Indigenous knowledge, and ecological resilience of the Isnag people. Employing a descriptive-ethnographic approach through interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations, the research identifies two primary categories of heritage: historical sites and structures such as the first water reservoir, the 1947 Bulut Residence, and mission-era religious landmarks and cultural landscapes, including tribal truce sites (Ambaw Bayag, Gudangan Brook), historical trade trails, and the traditionally managed Lapat system. These assets are situated within the Apayao Biosphere Reserve, emphasizing an inseparable link between nature and culture. The findings underscore the need for formal legal protection by the Local Government Unit (LGU) and the integration of these narratives into local curricula to ensure intergenerational continuity against modernization pressures.
Isnag people, cultural landscapes, heritage documentation, Lapat system, Apayao Biosphere Reserve, Indigenous knowledge systems, Calanasan.
Exploring the Lived Experiences of CAFGU Active Auxiliaries in Community Peace and Security
This study explored the lived experiences of CAFGU Active Auxiliaries (CAAs) in promoting peace and maintaining community security in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas of Apayao, Philippines. Anchored on Human Security Theory, Hybrid Security Governance Theory, Social Exchange Theory, and Transformative Peace Education Theory, the study employed a qualitative transcendental phenomenological design. Fourteen CAFGU members, along with key informants and community participants, were engaged through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed two major interrelated themes: Community Safety and Security and Community Engagement and Development. The first theme highlights CAAs' core security functions, including patrolling remote areas, monitoring threats, providing event security, responding to incidents, and coordinating with barangay officials. Their visible presence fostered deterrence of threats and enhanced residents' sense of safety and psychological assurance. The second theme underscores their expanded role in community development through participation in clean-up drives, disaster response, barangay governance support, conflict mediation, and trust-building activities. These engagements strengthened social cohesion, cooperation, and communication between security actors and community members. Overall, the study demonstrates that CAFGU Active Auxiliaries function as hybrid security actors who integrate enforcement and community engagement roles. Their contributions reinforce both physical security and social resilience, underscoring that sustainable peace in rural and conflict-affected areas is achieved through collaborative, community-embedded security governance.
Evaluation of Infrastructure Program Village Community Facilities
The village is the smallest unit of government that is directly connected to the community, making it strategically important in national development. Development is a planned and continuous effort carried out by all components of the nation to improve all aspects of life (Political, economic, social, cultural, defense, and security). Infrastructure refers to the technical facilities, physical assets, systems, hardware, and software necessary to provide services to the community and support the structural network, enabling the economic and social growth of the community to proceed well. Participation holds an important role in ensuring infrastructure sustainability. By involving the community in the evaluation process, they can feel a sense of ownership toward the maintenance and use of the infrastructure. The community participation process must be supported by an effective communicative approach. The village government and the development team need to clearly communicate information related to the project and sincerely listen to community input. Public education about the positive and negative impacts of infrastructure development needs to be enhanced. This helps the community understand the consequences of the project and respond wisely. Increased economic activity and internal migration can put pressure on local natural resources and the environment. Prudent management is necessary to mitigate potential negative impacts and ensure the sustainability of infrastructure projects. The impacts of the village infrastructure development process encompass social, economic, and environmental aspects. By thoroughly understanding these impacts, steps can be taken to maximize positive benefits and reduce negative impacts, creating a more resilient and sustainable community. Evaluation of the village infrastructure development process is a vital instrument for enhancing the quality and impact of development. By understanding achievements and shortcomings, remedial steps can be taken to ensure that infrastructure not only provides short-term benefits but also contributes to sustainable development and community well-being in the long term.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Social Transformation, Governance and Cultural Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Workplace Allegiance and Occupational Gratification of Aging Employees in the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation
This study examined the levels of workplace allegiance and occupational gratification among aging employees of the Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC) and explored the relationship between these two constructs. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 77 senior rank-and-file employees selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured and validated survey questionnaire that measured workplace allegiance in terms of affective, continuance, normative allegiance, value alignment, and professional development, as well as occupational gratification in terms of wages and benefits, security of tenure, supervision, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, operating systems, interpersonal relationships, nature of work, and communication. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. Results revealed that aging employees demonstrated a high level of workplace allegiance, particularly in affective and normative dimensions, indicating strong emotional attachment and loyalty to the organization. Occupational gratification was also rated high overall, with respondents expressing satisfaction in supervision, interpersonal relationships, nature of work, and communication. However, moderate levels of satisfaction were observed in security of tenure and contingent rewards, suggesting concerns related to job stability and recognition. Findings further showed that there was no significant relationship between workplace allegiance and occupational gratification, implying that commitment to the organization does not necessarily translate to higher job satisfaction. The study concludes that while aging employees remain loyal and committed, targeted human resource interventions are needed to address structural and motivational concerns. The findings provide valuable insights for organizational leaders and policymakers in promoting decent work and employee well-being among aging public sector workers.
workplace allegiance, occupational gratification
THE ROLE OF THE VILLAGE CONSULTATIVE BODY (BPD) IN VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING DELIBERATIONS (CASE STUDY OF SUMBERJAYA VILLAGE, SOUTH TAMBUN DISTRICT, BEKASI REGENCY)
The Musrenbang of Sumberjaya Village, South Tambun, Bekasi Regency, is an annual participatory and strategic forum that brings together the village government, community leaders and the Village Consultative Body (BPD) to discuss and determine activity priorities, as well as to formulate the Village Government Work Plan (RKPDes) for the following fiscal year. This activity serves to accommodate aspirations for effective, participatory development at the village level. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the Village Consultative Body (BPD) in the implementation of the Development Planning Meeting in Sumberjaya Village, South Tambun District, Bekasi Regency. This study uses a qualitative method to describe the role of the BPD using data collection techniques such as interviews, observation and documentation, which are then analysed qualitatively. The results of the study can be described as follows: the role of the BPD in the implementation of the Development Planning Consultation in Sumberjaya Village as the village's legislative representative in filtering, verifying, and prioritising the aspirations of the community is as follows: a. The role of the Sumberjaya Village Council in the planning aspect of village development deliberations is very strategic, but at present, its performance needs to be improved. Indications show that there are problems or issues in the stages of the development programme process in Sumberjaya Village, Tambun Selatan Subdistrict, implemented by the Village Government; b. The role of the BPD in supervising village development has been quite good, as it is carried out objectively, transparently and accountably, but it needs to be improved, most importantly by always involving community participation. Nevertheless, it is advisable for the BPD to continuously improve its professional capabilities in carrying out its supervisory duties, particularly by enhancing its ability to use relevant information and communication technology currently in use. More importantly, it should be noted that supervision must always involve community participation.
Role of the BPD, Village Development Consultative Meeting
Evaluation of City Park and Sidewalk Management by the Bekasi Regency Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning
The management of urban parks and sidewalks is a crucial component in achieving sustainable, inclusive, and environmentally friendly cities. This study aims to evaluate the condition of urban parks and sidewalks in Bekasi Regency and to analyze their management by the Department of Cipta Karya and Spatial Planning (DCKTR). The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach through field observations, interviews, and documentation conducted at several strategic locations, including Sehati Park, Cibitung Median Park, Cibitung Toll Road sidewalks, and Cikarang Road sidewalks. Data analysis was carried out by comparing actual field conditions with applicable national regulatory standards. The results indicate that urban parks generally exhibit good vegetation quality; however, limitations remain in terms of physical facilities and accessibility. Meanwhile, sidewalks have not fully met comfort and safety standards due to physical damage and conflicts in space utilization. This study recommends strengthening routine maintenance, enhancing inter-agency coordination, utilizing asset management technology, and encouraging community participation in public facility management.
urban park, sidewalk, public facilities, green open space, Bekasi Regency